BROKEN HILL, Australia - Julayi 7, 2025- Mkati mwa dzuŵa lotentha la New South Wales, katswiri wa sayansi ya nthaka Sarah Chen akuyang'anitsitsa chitsanzo chatsopano chogawanika. Mwalawu umanyezimira, pafupifupi ngati magalasi, ndi maonekedwe ake a shuga. “Zimenezo ndiye zinthu zabwino,” iye akung’ung’udza, kusonyeza chikhutiro chodutsa fumbi. "99.3% SiO₂. Mtsemphawu ukhoza kuyenda makilomita ambiri." Chen sakusaka golide kapena nthaka yosowa; akufunafuna mchere wovuta kwambiri, koma womwe nthawi zambiri umanyalanyazidwa: wodetsedwa kwambirimwala wa silika, maziko a nthawi yathu yaukadaulo.
Kuposa Mchenga Wokha
Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa quartzite kapena sandstone yoyera kwambiri, mwala wa silica ndi mwala wochitika mwachilengedwe wopangidwa makamaka ndi silicon dioxide (SiO₂). Ngakhale mchenga wa silika umakhudzidwa kwambiri, wapamwamba kwambirimwala wa silikamadipoziti amapereka ubwino wosiyana: kukhazikika kwa nthaka, zonyansa zocheperapo, ndipo, nthawi zina, ma voliyumu akuluakulu oyenera ntchito zazikulu, za nthawi yayitali. Sikokongola, koma udindo wake ndi wofunikira.
Dr. Arjun Patel, wasayansi wa ku Singapore Institute of Technology anati: “Dziko lamakono limayenda ndi silicon. "Kuyambira pa chip mufoni yanu mpaka pa solar panel padenga lanu, galasi la pawindo lanu, ndi chingwe cha fiber optic chopereka nkhaniyi - zonsezi zimayamba ndi silikoni yoyera kwambiri. Ndipo kalambulabwalo kothandiza kwambiri, kotsika mtengo kwa silikoniyo ndi mwala woyeretsedwa kwambiri.
Global Rush: Magwero ndi Zovuta
Kusaka kwa premiummwala wa silikachikuchulukirachulukira padziko lonse lapansi. Madipoziti ofunikira amapezeka mu:
Australia:Madera ngati Broken Hill ndi Pilbara amadzitamandira ndi mapangidwe akale a quartzite, okondedwa chifukwa cha kusasinthika kwawo komanso chitsulo chochepa. Makampani ngati Australian Silica Quartz Ltd. (ASQ) akukulitsa ntchito mwachangu.
United States:Mapiri a Appalachian, makamaka madera aku West Virginia ndi Pennsylvania, ali ndi zida zazikulu za quartzite. Spruce Ridge Resources Ltd. posachedwa yalengeza zotsatira zoyeserera kuchokera ku projekiti yawo yapamwamba ku West Virginia, kuwonetsa kuthekera kwake pakupanga ma silicon amtundu wa solar.
Brazil:Madipoziti olemera a quartzite m'boma la Minas Gerais ndiye gwero lalikulu, ngakhale zovuta za zomangamanga nthawi zina zimalepheretsa kuchotsa.
Scandinavia:Norway ndi Sweden ali ndi madipoziti apamwamba kwambiri, okondedwa ndi opanga matekinoloje aku Europe kwa maunyolo amfupi, odalirika.
China:Ngakhale wopanga wamkulu, nkhawa zidakalipo pazachilengedwe komanso kusasinthika kwa chiyero kuchokera kumigodi yaing'ono, zomwe zimachititsa ogula kumayiko ena kufunafuna njira zina.
"Mpikisanowu ndi woopsa," akutero Lars Bjornson, CEO wa Nordic Silica Minerals. "Zaka khumi zapitazo, silica inali chinthu chambiri. Masiku ano, mawonekedwe ake ndi olimba kwambiri. Sitikungogulitsa miyala; tikugulitsa maziko a zowotcha za silicon zoyera kwambiri. Tsatirani zinthu monga boron, phosphorous, ngakhale chitsulo pamiyezo ya miliyoni miliyoni zitha kukhala zowopsa pakukonza zopangira ma semiconductor." Makasitomala athu amafuna zokolola zambiri.
Kuchokera ku Quarry kupita ku Chip: Ulendo Woyeretsa
Kusandutsa miyala yolimba ya silika kukhala zinthu zapristine zomwe zimafunikira paukadaulo kumaphatikizapo njira yovuta, yopatsa mphamvu:
Kukumba & Kuphwanya:Miti ikuluikulu imachotsedwa, nthawi zambiri kudzera m'mabomba otseguka, kenaka amaphwanyidwa kukhala tizidutswa tating'ono tofanana.
Phindu:Mwala wophwanyidwa umatsuka, kupatukana ndi maginito, ndi kuyandama kuchotsa zonyansa zambiri monga dongo, feldspar, ndi mchere wokhala ndi chitsulo.
Kukonza Kutentha Kwambiri:Zidutswa za quartz zoyeretsedwa kenako zimatenthedwa kwambiri. M'ng'anjo zomizidwa m'madzi, amachitira ndi magwero a kaboni (monga coke kapena tchipisi tamatabwa) kuti apange silikoni yachitsulo (MG-Si). Izi ndizopangira zopangira ma aluminiyamu ndi ma cell ena a dzuwa.
Kuyeretsa Kwambiri:Kwa zamagetsi (tchipisi ta semiconductor) ndi ma cell a solar amphamvu kwambiri, MG-Si imasinthidwanso. The Siemens Process kapena fluidized bedi reactors amasintha MG-Si kukhala trichlorosilane mpweya, amene ndiye distilled kuti chiyero kwambiri ndi kuikidwa monga polysilicon ingots. Ingots izi zimadulidwa mu zowonda zowonda kwambiri zomwe zimakhala mtima wa ma microchips ndi ma cell a solar.
Mphamvu Zoyendetsa: AI, Solar, ndi Sustainability
Kuwonjezeka kwa kufunikira kumalimbikitsidwa ndi kusintha komweku:
AI Boom:Ma semiconductors apamwamba, omwe amafunikira zowotcha za silicon zosayera, ndi injini zanzeru zopangira. Malo opangira data, tchipisi ta AI, ndi makompyuta ochita bwino kwambiri ndi ogula osakhutira.
Kukula kwa Mphamvu ya Dzuwa:Ntchito zapadziko lonse zokakamiza mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa zakwera kwambiri kufunikira kwa mapanelo a photovoltaic (PV). Silicon yoyera kwambiri ndiyofunikira pama cell a dzuwa. International Energy Agency (IEA) imapanga mphamvu ya solar PV idzachulukira katatu pofika chaka cha 2030, ndikuyika chiwopsezo chachikulu pamayendedwe a silicon.
Kupanga Mwapamwamba:Quartz yosakanikirana kwambiri, yochokera ku mwala wa silika, ndiyofunikira pazitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakukula kwa silicon crystal, optics apadera, labware yotentha kwambiri, ndi zida zopangira semiconductor.
The Sustainability Tightrope
Kukula kumeneku sikuli kopanda zovuta zachilengedwe komanso zachikhalidwe. Migodi ya silika, makamaka yotsegula dzenje, imasintha malo ndikudya madzi ochuluka. Kuwongolera fumbi ndikofunikira kwambiri chifukwa cha kuwopsa kwa kupuma kwa crystalline silica (silicosis). Njira zoyeretsera mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu zimathandizira pamayendedwe a carbon.
"Kupeza mwanzeru ndikofunikira," akutsindika Maria Lopez, wamkulu wa ESG wa TechMetals Global, wopanga wamkulu wa polysilicon. "Timafufuza mozama omwe timapereka miyala ya silika - osati pa ukhondo, koma pa kayendetsedwe ka madzi, kupondereza fumbi, mapulani okonzanso nthaka, ndi kuyanjana ndi anthu." Zodziwika bwino zamakampani aukadaulo zimadalira mayendedwe a ukhondo kubwerera komwe kumapezeka.
Tsogolo: Zatsopano ndi Zosowa?
Akatswiri a sayansi ya nthaka ngati Sarah Chen ali patsogolo. Kufufuza kukukankhira malire atsopano, kuphatikizapo madipoziti akuya ndi mapangidwe omwe sanalandiridwepo. Kubwezeretsanso silicon kuchokera ku mapanelo oyendera dzuwa ndi zida zamagetsi kukuyenda bwino koma kumakhalabe kovuta ndipo pano kumapereka kagawo kakang'ono kofunikira.
"Pali miyala yamtengo wapatali yamtengo wapatali, yoyeretsedwa kwambiri yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi luso lamakono," Chen anachenjeza, akupukuta thukuta pamphumi pake pamene dzuwa la ku Australia likuwomba. "Kupeza ma depositi atsopano omwe amakwaniritsa zofunikira za chiyero popanda mtengo wopangira zinthu zakuthambo kukukulirakulira. Thanthweli ... silopanda malire. Tiyenera kuliwona ngati gwero laukadaulo lomwe lilili."
Dzuwa likamalowa m'mgodi wa Broken Hill, ndikuyika mithunzi yayitali pamilu yonyezimira ya silika yonyezimira, kukula kwa ntchitoyo kumatsimikizira chowonadi chozama. Pansi pa phokoso la AI ndi kuwala kwa ma solar panel pali mwala wodzichepetsa, wakale. Kuyera kwake kumayang'anira mayendedwe a kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, kupangitsa kufunafuna kwapadziko lonse kwa miyala ya silika yapamwamba kukhala imodzi mwankhani zovuta kwambiri, ngati sizinafotokozedwe bwino, zamakampani anthawi yathu ino.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-07-2025