BROKEN HILL, Australia – Julayi 7, 2025– Pakatikati pa madera akumidzi a New South Wales komwe dzuwa limatentha, katswiri wa za nthaka Sarah Chen akuyang'ana mwachidwi chitsanzo cha pakati chomwe changogawika kumene. Mwalawu umawala, ngati galasi, wokhala ndi mawonekedwe a shuga. “Ndi chinthu chabwino,” akung'ung'udza, akuoneka ngati wokhutira akudula fumbi. “99.3% SiO₂. Mtsempha uwu ukhoza kuthamanga makilomita ambiri.” Chen sakusaka golide kapena nthaka yosowa; akufunafuna mchere wofunikira kwambiri, koma nthawi zambiri wonyalanyazidwa, wamafakitale: woyera kwambirimwala wa silika, maziko a nthawi yathu yaukadaulo.
Zoposa Mchenga Kungoti
Mwala wa silica nthawi zambiri umatchedwa quartzite kapena mwala wa mchenga woyera kwambiri, ndi mwala wachilengedwe wopangidwa makamaka ndi silicon dioxide (SiO₂). Ngakhale mchenga wa silica umalandira chidwi chochuluka, wapamwamba kwambiri.mwala wa silikaMa depositi amapereka ubwino wapadera: kukhazikika kwakukulu kwa nthaka, kuchepa kwa zinyalala, ndipo, nthawi zina, kuchuluka kwakukulu koyenera kugwira ntchito zazikulu zamigodi kwa nthawi yayitali. Sizokongola, koma ntchito yake ndi yofunika kwambiri.
“Dziko lamakono limagwiritsa ntchito silicon,” akufotokoza Dr. Arjun Patel, katswiri wa sayansi ya zinthu ku Singapore Institute of Technology. “Kuyambira chip yomwe ili pafoni yanu mpaka solar panel yomwe ili padenga lanu, galasi lomwe lili pawindo lanu, ndi chingwe cha fiber optic chomwe chimapereka nkhaniyi - zonse zimayamba ndi silicon yoyera kwambiri. Ndipo chinthu chothandiza kwambiri komanso chotsika mtengo chomwe chimayambitsa silicon imeneyo ndi miyala ya silica yoyera kwambiri. Popanda iyo, ukadaulo wonse ndi mphamvu zobiriwira zimayima.”
Kuthamanga Padziko Lonse: Magwero ndi Mavuto
Kusaka mtengo wapamwambamwala wa silikaikukulirakulira padziko lonse lapansi. Ma key deposits amapezeka mu:
Australia:Madera monga Broken Hill ndi Pilbara ali ndi mapangidwe akuluakulu akale a quartzite, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi olimba komanso otsika chitsulo. Makampani monga Australian Silica Quartz Ltd. (ASQ) akukulirakulira mofulumira.
United States:Mapiri a Appalachian, makamaka madera aku West Virginia ndi Pennsylvania, ali ndi zinthu zambiri za quartzite. Spruce Ridge Resources Ltd. posachedwapa yalengeza zotsatira zabwino zoyesera kuchokera ku pulojekiti yawo yayikulu ku West Virginia, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuthekera kwake kopanga silicon yopangidwa ndi dzuwa.
Brazil:Malo olemera a quartzite m'boma la Minas Gerais ndi gwero lalikulu, ngakhale kuti mavuto a zomangamanga nthawi zina amalepheretsa kuchotsedwa kwa nthaka.
Scandinavia:Norway ndi Sweden zili ndi malo abwino kwambiri osungiramo zinthu, omwe amakondedwa ndi opanga ukadaulo aku Europe chifukwa cha unyolo wogulira waufupi komanso wodalirika.
China:Ngakhale kuti ndi kampani yopanga zinthu zambiri, nkhawa idakalipo pa nkhani ya miyezo ya chilengedwe komanso kusinthasintha kwa kuchuluka kwa ukhondo kuchokera ku migodi ina ing'onoing'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa ogula ochokera kumayiko ena kufunafuna njira zina.
“Mpikisano ndi waukulu,” akutero Lars Bjornson, CEO wa Nordic Silica Minerals. “Zaka khumi zapitazo, silica inali chinthu chogulitsidwa kwambiri. Masiku ano, zinthu zofunika kwambiri n’zochepa kwambiri. Sitikungogulitsa miyala yokha; tikugulitsa maziko a ma wafer a silicon oyera kwambiri. Zinthu zotsalira monga boron, phosphorous, kapena chitsulo pamlingo wa magawo pa miliyoni imodzi zitha kukhala zoopsa kwambiri pa zokolola za semiconductor. Makasitomala athu amafuna kutsimikizika kwa geology ndi kukonza molimbika.”
Kuchokera ku Quarry kupita ku Chip: Ulendo Woyeretsa
Kusintha mwala wolimba wa silika kukhala zinthu zoyera zomwe zimafunika paukadaulo kumafuna njira yovuta komanso yogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri:
Kukumba ndi Kuphwanya:Mabuloko akuluakulu amachotsedwa, nthawi zambiri kudzera mu kuphulika kolamulidwa m'migodi yotseguka, kenako n’kuphwanyidwa kukhala zidutswa zazing'ono, zofanana.
Phindu:Mwala wophwanyika umatsukidwa, kulekanitsidwa ndi maginito, ndi kuyandama kuti uchotse zonyansa zambiri monga dongo, feldspar, ndi mchere wokhala ndi chitsulo.
Kukonza Kutentha Kwambiri:Zidutswa za quartz zoyeretsedwa zimatenthedwa kwambiri. M'zitofu za arc zomwe zili pansi pa madzi, zimakumana ndi magwero a kaboni (monga coke kapena matabwa) kuti apange silicon ya metallurgical-grade (MG-Si). Ichi ndi chinthu chopangira aluminiyamu ndi maselo ena a dzuwa.
Kuyeretsa Kwambiri:Pa zamagetsi (ma semiconductor chips) ndi maselo a dzuwa ogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, MG-Si imasintha kwambiri. Njira ya Siemens kapena ma reactors okhala ndi madzi amasintha MG-Si kukhala mpweya wa trichlorosilane, womwe umasungunuka bwino kwambiri ndikusungidwa ngati ma polysilicon ingots. Ma ingots awa amadulidwa mu ma wafers owonda kwambiri omwe amakhala mtima wa ma microchips ndi maselo a dzuwa.
Mphamvu Zoyendetsera: AI, Dzuwa, ndi Kukhazikika
Kuwonjezeka kwa kufunikira kwa zinthu kumalimbikitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa zinthu nthawi imodzi:
Kuwonjezeka kwa AI:Ma semiconductor apamwamba, omwe amafunikira ma silicon wafer oyera nthawi zonse, ndi mainjini a luntha lochita kupanga. Malo osungira deta, ma AI chips, ndi makompyuta ogwira ntchito bwino ndi ogula osakhutitsidwa.
Kukula kwa Mphamvu ya Dzuwa:Ntchito zapadziko lonse lapansi zolimbikitsa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa zawonjezera kufunikira kwa mapanelo a photovoltaic (PV). Silikoni yoyera kwambiri ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti maselo a dzuwa azigwira ntchito bwino. Bungwe la International Energy Agency (IEA) likuganiza kuti mphamvu ya PV ya dzuwa idzawonjezeka katatu pofika chaka cha 2030, zomwe zingapangitse kuti unyolo wopereka silicon ukhale wopanikizika kwambiri.
Kupanga Zapamwamba:Quartz yopangidwa ndi silika, yoyera kwambiri, ndi yofunika kwambiri pa zinthu zoyeretsera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makristalo a silicon, ma optics apadera, ma labware otentha kwambiri, ndi zida zopangira ma semiconductor.
Chingwe Cholimba Chokhazikika
Kukula kumeneku sikuli kopanda mavuto aakulu azachilengedwe komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kukumba silika, makamaka ntchito zotseguka, kumasintha malo ndikugwiritsa ntchito madzi ambiri. Kulamulira fumbi ndikofunikira kwambiri chifukwa cha ngozi yopuma ya silica yopangidwa ndi crystalline (silicosis). Njira zoyeretsera pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri zimathandiza kuti mpweya uyambe kuyenda bwino.
“Kupeza zinthu mwanzeru n’kofunika kwambiri,” akutero Maria Lopez, mkulu wa ESG wa TechMetals Global, kampani yaikulu yopanga zinthu za polysilicon. “Timafufuza mosamala ogulitsa miyala ya silica mwachidwi - osati pa ukhondo wokha, komanso pa kasamalidwe ka madzi, kutseka fumbi, mapulani okonzanso nthaka, komanso kutenga nawo mbali kwa anthu ammudzi. Ziyeneretso zachilengedwe za makampani opanga ukadaulo zimadalira unyolo wabwino wogulira zinthu kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka kumapeto kwa migodi. Ogula ndi osunga ndalama akufuna zimenezo.”
Tsogolo: Zatsopano ndi Kusowa?
Akatswiri a za nthaka monga Sarah Chen ali patsogolo. Kufufuza zinthu kukupitirira malire atsopano, kuphatikizapo malo ozama komanso malo omwe kale ankaiwalika. Kubwezeretsanso silicon kuchokera ku ma solar panels ndi zamagetsi zomwe zimangotha kukukula koma zikukadali zovuta ndipo pakadali pano zikupereka zochepa chabe zomwe zimafunidwa.
"Pali miyala yochepa ya silika yodalirika komanso yoyera kwambiri yomwe ingapezeke pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wamakono," akuchenjeza Chen, akupukuta thukuta pamphumi pake pamene dzuwa la ku Australia likuwomba. "Kupeza miyala yatsopano yomwe ikugwirizana ndi zofunikira za chiyero popanda ndalama zambiri zokonzera zinthu kukuvuta. Mwala uwu ... si wopanda malire. Tiyenera kuuona ngati chuma chenicheni."
Pamene dzuwa likulowa pa mgodi wa Broken Hill, likuwonetsa mithunzi yayitali pa silika yoyera yonyezimira, kukula kwa ntchitoyi kukuwonetsa chowonadi chachikulu. Pansi pa phokoso la AI ndi kuwala kwa ma solar panels pali mwala wodzichepetsa, wakale. Kuyera kwake kumasonyeza kufulumira kwa kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo wathu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kufunafuna miyala ya silica yapamwamba padziko lonse lapansi kukhale nkhani yofunika kwambiri, ngakhale yosaneneka, yamafakitale m'nthawi yathu ino.
Nthawi yotumizira: Julayi-07-2025